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Cyclone Mahina was the deadliest cyclone in recorded Australian history, and also potentially the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere. Mahina struck Bathurst Bay, Cape York Peninsula, colonial Queensland, on 4 March 1899, and its winds and enormous storm surge combined to cause the deaths of more than 300 people.
While the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, which is the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre of the basin, estimates Mahina's peak central pressure to be 914 hPa (26.99 inHg), the World Meteorological Organization is currently considering an application from Queensland scientists and researchers to have this value upgraded to , based on data from post-storm analysis. This would officially make Mahina the most intense cyclone recorded to have hit the Australian mainland, and the most intense tropical cyclone recorded making landfall anywhere in the world, as well as the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, a title currently held by Cyclone Winston. Cyclone Mahina also produced the largest storm surge on record, generating a surge.
Storms of such intensity occur extremely rarely. Scientists identified two other Category 4 or 5 super-cyclones that struck Australia, in the first half of the 19th century, from their effects on the Great Barrier Reef and the Gulf of Carpentaria. This same research shows that on average, such super-cyclones occur in the region only once every two or three centuries.*Michael Allaby, Richard Garratt, Hurricanes, page 98, Infobase Publishing, 2003 .
A pearling fleet, based at Thursday Island, Queensland, was anchored in or near the bay before the storm. Within an hour, the storm drove much of the fleet ashore or onto the Great Barrier Reef; other vessels sank at their anchorages. Four schooners and the manned Channel Rock lightship were lost. A further two schooners were wrecked but later re-floated. The fleets lost 54 , and a further 12 were wrecked but re-floated. People later rescued more than 30 survivors of the wrecked vessels from the shore; however, the storm killed more than 400 people, mostly non-European immigrant crew members.Whittingham, H. E. 1958, The Bathurst Bay Hurricane and associated storm surge. Australian Meteorological Magazine 23: 14–36. Available on line at http://reg.bom.gov.au/amoj/docs/1958/whittingham2.pdf Pixley, N S, Pearlers of North Australia: the romantic story of the diving fleets. Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 9(3): 9–29. Available online at A depiction of the schooner Crest of the Wave in the storm was later sketched in a painting.
A large storm surge, reportedly high, swept across Princess Charlotte Bay and then inland about , destroying anything left of the Bathurst Bay pearling fleet and the settlement.
An eyewitness, constable J. M. Kenny, reported that a storm surge swept over their camp at Barrow Point atop a -high ridge and reached inland, the largest storm surge ever recorded. However, reviewing the evidence for this surge, some scientists modeled a surge only to in height, based on the official central pressure. They also surveyed the area, seeking wave-cut and deposits characteristic of storm events, but found none higher than . Of the surge, they suggested an incorrectly cited ground level or an involvement of freshwater (rain) flooding. A later study considers this conclusion likely premature and questions the barometer reading as unreliable and not representative of the actual lowest pressure. This subsequent study also examined new evidence of exceptionally high storm surge and inundation.
The cyclone continued southwest over Cape York Peninsula, emerging over the Gulf of Carpentaria, before doubling back and dissipating on 10 March. Bathurst Bay, Qld: Cyclone (incl Storm Surge) Emergency Management Australia Disasters Database. Accessed 29 December 2008.
In September 1899, the Queensland Marine Department published a list of 247 known fatalities. The Queensland Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages has 283 registered deaths attributed to the cyclone, including 250 on pearling ships. One of the pearling fleet owners estimated another 30 people not officially registered as crew were killed and not reported to the Cooktown Registrar. Eleven crew members of the ship Sagitta were killed.
Around 100 Aboriginal Australians were killed Tropical Cyclones: Hazard Modelling and Risk Assessment, GeoscienceAustralia Report no. 68013, 2006 but not recorded, as Aboriginal people were not counted as part of the population at the time. They had tried to help shipwrecked men, but the back surge caught them and swept them into the sea. Only eight Aboriginal people were recorded among the casualties, all of whom died on shore.
The Queensland Historical Atlas reported the death toll as "307 pearl divers and sailors and an unreported number of Aborigines".
At Cape Melville, survivors erected a memorial stone to "The Pearlers" lost to the cyclone, naming 11 Europeans but only citing "over 300 coloured men" for the other seamen.Outridge Monument The Anglican church on Thursday Island, Queensland, also commemorates this disaster.
Most sources record the schooner Crest of the Wave observation as ."The Queensland Hurricane". The Sydney Morning Herald, p5 13 March 1899. on line at "The Queensland Hurricane". South Australian Register, p6, 14 March 1899. Available on line at http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article54427620 "Hurricane in the North". The Brisbane Courier, p8, 18 March 1899. Available on line at http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3690283 More modern reports of an observation on a vessel in the eye of Mahina are unrealistic (the most intense tropical cyclone, Typhoon Tip, had a central pressure higher). The Cairns Post 20 November 2008, p17.
One author accepted the report from the Olive and the report from the Crest of the Wave, seemingly unaware of the discrepant reports. He estimated the track of the cyclone from the damage reports, placing it directly over the position of the Crest of the Wave. The Olive to the north missed the centre. The separation between these schooners explains the difference between their respective pressure measurements. He calculated the centre pressure, standardised for temperature, as .
A study in 2014 found that the actual lowest pressure of the storm was around , based upon modeling of meteorological variables needed to induce the potentially world-record-setting surge height of . This surge closely matches new evidence on storm depositions and accounts actually reported to two other captains, and in a letter from an eyewitness to his parents, of a reading of . This study considers the apparently third-hand report of an unreliable measurement made possibly five hours prior to passage of the eye.
In comparison, the tiny Cyclone Tracy devastated Darwin in 1974, with a central pressure of . Barometric pressure this low at mean sea level also likely caused Cyclone Mahina to create such an intense, phenomenal, claimed world-record storm surge that was not immediately known afterward.
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